Complete Modern History for UPSC 1 Hour | SMART Revision through Animation | UPSC 2024-25 | OnlyIAS
Summary
This video provides a comprehensive overview of modern history, highlighting key events such as European colonization in India, the establishment of trading centers by different colonial powers, the formation of the Indian National Congress, and significant movements like the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements. It covers the role of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and the struggles for independence against British colonial rule, culminating in the partition of India and the formation of independent nations in 1947. The video also delves into revolutionary activities, the impact of World War II, and the final steps towards Indian independence, showcasing a timeline of pivotal moments in India's journey towards freedom.
Chapters
Introduction to Modern History
Exploration and Expansion by Europeans
Portuguese Exploration and Interaction with India
Establishment of Portuguese Monopoly and Expansion
Expansion of Portuguese Influence in India
Establishment of Factories in India
East India Company's Trade Rights
Expansion of British Trade Activities
French East India Company's Entry
British-French Rivalry in India
Revival of French Company in India
Anglo-French Relations in India
Battle of Friends
Conclusion of Australian War of Succession
Interference in Local Dynastic Dispute
Battle of Ambur
Global Political Influences
European Involvement in Indian Affairs
Rise of British Power
British-Indian Conflicts and Power Shifts
Battle of Plassey and British Control
Establishment of British Rule in Bengal
Mir Jafar's Reign and British Influence
British Expansion in India
Consolidation of British Power
Formation of British Administration
Control and Treaties
Conflicts and Alliances
Dynastic Changes and Treaties
Maratha and Mysore Conflicts
Tipu Sultan's Resistance
Maratha-British Relations
Leadership and Treaties
Final Conflicts and Treaties
Rebellion and Treaties
Revolt in Punjab
Heavy Taxation and Exploitation
Disasters and Revolts
Military Services and Land Policies
Revolts and Movements
Political and Social Unrest
Leaders and Movements
Turning Point and Conclusion
Formation of Indian Nationalism
Indian National Congress Formation
Moderate Phase and Extremism Rise
Swadeshi Movement and Boycotts
Political Developments in India
Impact of Movements and Partitions
Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917)
Bengal Incident and Reactions
Prominent Leaders and Movements
Gandhi's Civil Disobedience
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Non-Cooperation Movement and Swaraj Sabha
Launch of Khilafat Movement
Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement
Leadership and Strategy
Congress Reorganization
Simon Commission and Protests
Nehru Report and Constitutional Drafting
Demand for Complete Independence
Massey Sceneary Leaders Demands
Ayurveda Declaration in Indian Gazette
Lahore Congress Session Decisions
Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement
Salt Satyagraha and Nationwide Impact
Civil Disobedience Movement Developments
British Government Response and Actions
Second Round Table Conference and Resolution
Discussions and Decisions in Conference
Changes and Impact of Decisions
Recommendations Analyzed by Joint Selection Committee
Creation of India Federation
Division of Resolved Subjects
Introduction of First Time Direct Elections
Contribution of Bhagat Singh in Indian Independence Struggle
Establishment of Hindustan Socialist Republican Organization
Role of Surya Sen in Freedom Movement
Congress Participation in Elections and Initiatives
Indian Support in World War II
March 1940 Events
Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi's Fast and Protests
Indian National Army and Independence Journey
Political Activities and Provincial Government
Final Days of Subhas Chandra Bose
Resolution for Reforms
Royal Indian Navy Rebellion
Congress Support and Nehru's Defense Organizing
Political Events Leading to Partition
Independence Acts and Formation of India and Pakistan
Introduction to Modern History
Explanation of the significance of modern history and its importance for exams like UPSC and State PCS exams, dividing modern history into five parts - Advent of Europeans, Revolt of 1857, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Rise of Indian National Congress, and Partition.
Exploration and Expansion by Europeans
Discussion on the joining of India's modern history, decline of the Roman Empire, European dominance in Egypt, and the impact on trade between Europe and India leading to the decline of direct contact.
Portuguese Exploration and Interaction with India
Portuguese exploration led by Vasco da Gama in 1498, establishment of trade centers like Goa and Cochin, encounters with local rulers, and the consolidation of Portuguese interests in India.
Establishment of Portuguese Monopoly and Expansion
Significance of Goa and Cochin as important trade centers, Portuguese efforts to establish monopolies in the region, conflicts with local rulers, and the impact of Portuguese control in India.
Expansion of Portuguese Influence in India
Appointment of governors like Francisco de Almeida, consolidation of Portuguese interests by appointing governors, and efforts to disrupt Muslim trade in India.
Establishment of Factories in India
The video discusses the establishment of factories by various colonial powers in India, including England, France, and Portugal. It highlights the permissions granted by local rulers and the strategic locations chosen for these factories.
East India Company's Trade Rights
Queen Elizabeth I granted exclusive trading rights to the East India Company through a charter for 15 years in 1601. The video outlines the establishment of factories in Surat, Masulipatnam, and other regions with the permission of local opposition and rulers.
Expansion of British Trade Activities
The British expanded their trading activities in the East by establishing factories in Haripur and Balasore. The video covers the significance of Bengal as a rich province and the control exerted by the British for profit-seeking motives.
French East India Company's Entry
The French East India Company was founded in 1644 under Minister Colbert, leading to a trade monopoly in India and the Pacific Ocean. The video details the establishment of factories in Surat and Patna by the French.
British-French Rivalry in India
The rivalry between the British and French in India resulted in strategic moves, such as the establishment of settlements by both powers. The video also discusses the struggles and conflicts between the two European powers for supremacy in India.
Revival of French Company in India
The French company was revived in 1720 as the Perpetual Company of the Indies, facing challenges and a power struggle with British governors. The video explores the significant events and conflicts between the French and British in India during this period.
Anglo-French Relations in India
The video delves into the historic rivalry between Agro Friends IB Re and Anglo Friends IB Bill Karnatic, reflecting a continuous rivalry. It also touches on the Anglo-French conflicts in British India and the struggle for supremacy among European powers.
Battle of Friends
The significant Battle of Friends between the French and British naval forces in 1748 marked a crucial event.
Conclusion of Australian War of Succession
The conclusion of the Australian War of Succession resulted in returning Madras to the British and granting French territories in North America.
Interference in Local Dynastic Dispute
After the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk, his son, Naser Jung, challenged the Nizam's rule in Karnataka leading to a series of conflicts with Chand Sahib's claim supported by the British.
Battle of Ambur
The Battle of Ambur resulted in the defeat of Muzaffar Jung, after which the British captured the capital of Karnataka.
Global Political Influences
The appointment of Kadu Ko as the Governor of India and his collaboration with the British significantly impacted the Indian subcontinent's political landscape.
European Involvement in Indian Affairs
European powers' interference in Indian affairs, including the British strategy in Bengal, marked a shift in the region's political dynamics.
Rise of British Power
The British consolidation of power in Bengal, led by the events following the Battle of Haldi and the establishment of British rule in India.
British-Indian Conflicts and Power Shifts
The conflicts in Bengal, including the assassination of Siraj-ud-Daula, and the emergence of Mir Jafar as the next Nawab, signifying a power shift in Bengal.
Battle of Plassey and British Control
The pivotal Battle of Plassey, where Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated, leading to Mir Jafar's ascension as the new Nawab of Bengal under British influence.
Establishment of British Rule in Bengal
The establishment of British dominance in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey, culminating in Mir Jafar's appointment as Nawab and the subsequent events.
Mir Jafar's Reign and British Influence
Mir Jafar's role in the British East India Company's affairs, including the Battle of Buxar and his position as a British puppet Nawab.
British Expansion in India
The Company's expansion under Mir Jafar's rule, the Battle of Plassey shaping British imperial foundations in India, and Clive's repeated interventions.
Consolidation of British Power
The consolidation of British power in India through Mir Jafar's reign, the Company's control over key regions, and Clive's influence in Bengal.
Formation of British Administration
The process of establishing the British administration in India with key events and agreements with local rulers.
Control and Treaties
Details about the control exerted by the British through treaties, imposition of duties, and the establishment of dual government systems.
Conflicts and Alliances
Overview of key battles, alliances, and conflicts involving British, local rulers, and the British East India Company.
Dynastic Changes and Treaties
Discussing dynastic changes, treaties signed with various rulers, and the evolving power dynamics during the British rule in India.
Maratha and Mysore Conflicts
Description of conflicts and alliances between the Marathas, Mysore rulers, and the British, leading to significant events and treaties.
Tipu Sultan's Resistance
Focus on Tipu Sultan's resistance against the British, key battles, treaties signed, and the events following his death.
Maratha-British Relations
Events and treaties between the Marathas and the British, including conflicts, alliances, and power struggles in the region.
Leadership and Treaties
Leadership changes, treaties signed, and the evolving dynamics between the Marathas and the British during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Final Conflicts and Treaties
Details about final conflicts, agreements, and treaties leading to significant changes in power dynamics and governance in India.
Rebellion and Treaties
Overview of rebellions, treaties signed, and the impact on British control and local rulers in different regions of India.
Revolt in Punjab
Governor Moolraj revolts and kills two British officers, leading to Lord Dalhousie bearing responsibility for the revolt. Punjab undergoes changes with the appointment of commissioners like John Lawrence and the implementation of the Doctrine of Lapse policy by the East India Company.
Heavy Taxation and Exploitation
The video discusses heavy taxation burden, encroachment on tribal lands, exploitation by society, promotion of British goods, heavy duties on Indian industries, dissent among colonized people, and revolts occurring at different times and places.
Disasters and Revolts
The famine of 1800, economic orders of the British leading to revolts, Interactions involving disposed soldiers and families, surprising Hindu religious movements sparking rebellion, and significant rebellions like the Reveline of 1870.
Military Services and Land Policies
British agencies using military services, exploitation of land revenue policies, struggle for territories, takeovers by the British, revolts, adoption of censor policies, and incidents in regions like Assam and Punjab.
Revolts and Movements
Various revolts and movements including the West Punjab movement by Bhagat Jawahar Mal, religious movements, the Tribal Price Movement from 1782 to 1831, and rebellion in Raj Mahal Hills during 1855.
Political and Social Unrest
Events like the revolt led by Mangal Pandey in 1857, heavy taxation, discriminatory policies, disruption of traditional handicraft industries, British interference in social and religious affairs, and triggers of revolts.
Leaders and Movements
Significant leaders and movements between 1860 and 1920, including Birsa Munda, Ulgulan, and Rajmahal Hills rebellion, along with British officers and the declaration of Queen Victoria as the sovereign ruler of British India.
Turning Point and Conclusion
Discussion on the 1857 revolt, the role of leaders like Bahadur Shah Zafar, British operations and suppression, declaration of Queen Victoria as the sovereign ruler of British India, and the administrative changes in India.
Formation of Indian Nationalism
The period saw the emergence of Indian nationalism with the efforts of various leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dadabhai Naoroji, and others. Political organizations such as the Indian League and Indian Association were founded during this time, leading to the rise of nationalism in India.
Indian National Congress Formation
The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume at the Bombay session. Leaders like Tata, Naoroji, Banerjee, Ayyar, Gokhale, and others played crucial roles in the early years of the Congress, focusing on tax reforms and education.
Moderate Phase and Extremism Rise
The moderate phase of the Indian National Congress under leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji focused on addressing Indian problems through dialogue with the British. However, the rise of extremism led by Tilak and others challenged the moderate approach, leading to the split in the Congress and the emergence of new nationalist movements.
Swadeshi Movement and Boycotts
The Swadeshi movement gained momentum with the partition of Bengal, leading to boycotts of British goods and education. The movement saw active participation from students, women, and laborers, contributing to the growth of Indian nationalism.
Political Developments in India
The early 1900s witnessed political developments like the formation of the All India Muslim League, anti-Congress fronts, and events like the Muzaffarpur Bomb Incident. The government passed stringent acts like the Indian Sedition Act and Criminal Amendment Act, curbing freedom of expression.
Impact of Movements and Partitions
The movements of this period resulted in significant changes, including the cancellation of the Bengal partition in 1911, dividing provinces, and shifting the capital from Kolkata to Delhi. These events marked a shift in the political landscape of British India.
Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917)
The period from 1907 to 1917 saw the first phase of revolutionary activities in India. Evolutionaries conducted their activities, focusing on Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Several centers were established, including the Anushilan Samiti by Jitendra Nath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and Promoth Chowdhury in Bengal. The period also witnessed the establishment of various societies and movements in different provinces.
Bengal Incident and Reactions
In 1908, Prful Chaki and Khudiram Bose attacked Judge Kingsford's carriage with a bomb in Muzaffarpur and unintentionally caused the death of two British ladies. Subsequently, Prful Chaki shot himself, and Khudiram Bose was sentenced to death. The incident led to the punishment of the leaders of the Anushilan Samiti. Jitendra Nath Mukherjee collaborated with Western Ras Bihari Bose to establish a German factory in Bengal to promote armed uprising in India.
Prominent Leaders and Movements
Leaders like Syed Haider Raza, Shyamji Krishna Varma, and others played significant roles in the revolutionary activities. Various movements and establishments such as the Indian Home Rule Society were initiated. Gandhiji's entry into Indian politics further fueled the movements against British colonial rule and led to the formation of organizations like the Karnataka Central Province Association. The unity among different leaders like Motilal Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehru strengthened the anti-colonial movements.
Gandhi's Civil Disobedience
Gandhiji's involvement in civil disobedience began in Champaran, Bihar, where he protested against the unfair practices of European planters. Leaders like Rajkumar Shukla, Rajendra Prasad, and others joined Gandhiji in the Champaran movement, showcasing nonviolent civil disobedience against unjust systems. The movement spread to other regions, marking the success of civil disobedience in challenging oppressive structures.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
The tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 led to a significant turning point in India's freedom struggle. The brutal incident resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and injuries to many more, fostering anti-British sentiments among Indians. National leaders protested against the massacre, with Rabindranath Tagore returning his knighthood as a form of protest. The event led to the establishment of the Hunter Commission and further resistance against British rule.
Non-Cooperation Movement and Swaraj Sabha
The Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Gandhiji in 1920 aimed at peaceful resistance and non-violent protests, encouraging Indians to boycott government institutions and services. The movement gained momentum, leading to the launch of the Indian National Congress' Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921. Gandhiji advocated for a self-reliant and non-violent approach, urging people to resign from colonial institutions and promote indigenous products.
Launch of Khilafat Movement
In 1922, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Khilafat Movement against the backdrop of the violent incidents that occurred during the Chauri Chaura incident, promoting non-cooperation as a strategy.
Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhi did not immediately result in independence, but it incited mass participation and raised awareness about political rights among the common people.
Leadership and Strategy
Gandhi's decision to end the Non-Cooperation Movement led to the emergence of national leaders like Motilal Nehru and Hakim Ajmal Khan, who aimed to continue the boycott and maintain constructive actions while keeping the movement peaceful.
Congress Reorganization
After the arrest of Gandhi in March 1922, national leaders took over, and the movement continued under the leadership of Rajesh with a focus on reform. The Indian National Congress reorganized its leadership structure and Motilal Nehru was chosen as the Secretary, leading towards constitutional reforms.
Simon Commission and Protests
The appointment of the Simon Commission in India in 1927, which did not include any Indian members, led to widespread protests and boycotts. The report suggested constitutional reforms and separate representation for Indians.
Nehru Report and Constitutional Drafting
Motilal Nehru led a committee that prepared the Nehru Report in response to the challenge of drafting a constitution for India during the 1928 Congress conference. The report aimed at achieving self-governance and constitutional rights for Indians.
Demand for Complete Independence
Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose demanded complete independence rather than Dominion status or partial autonomy. They emphasized the need for full sovereignty and equal rights for all citizens.
Massey Sceneary Leaders Demands
Leaders of the Massey Sceneary give the government one year to accept their demands, threatening to launch a disobedience movement if not accepted.
Ayurveda Declaration in Indian Gazette
Ayurveda published a declaration in the Indian Gazette stating that no fixed time frame was decided for the Dominion status. After the submission of the Simon Commission report, national leaders held a round table conference in Delhi, discussing conditions for the Dominion status constitution draft.
Lahore Congress Session Decisions
In December 1929, during the Lahore Congress session, Jawaharlal Nehru was nominated as the President. Major decisions were made in this session, including talking about the round table conference, officially declaring the Gold Diccle of Indian Independence, and authorizing the launch of the civil disobedience movement.
Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement
After not receiving any response from the government, the Congress Working Committee authorized Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience movement. Gandhi formulated the central formula of the movement with the Dandi March, starting the movement.
Salt Satyagraha and Nationwide Impact
Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha encouraged people to start salt production in their homes, leading to a significant impact across the country. Various movements and campaigns were started in different regions, including the Andhra Pradesh, Balasore, and Solvay Break movements.
Civil Disobedience Movement Developments
In 1930, a successful student strike was organized with King Abdul Gaffar Khan initiating the red shirt moments. Various movements and campaigns were launched, and tensions among different communities led to the struggle of the Civil Disobedience movement.
British Government Response and Actions
To curb pricing and protest activities, the British government imposed Civil Martial laws, leading to confusion and disruption of activist's property. This action mainly impacted women and press freedom and resulted in significant activism and responses.
Second Round Table Conference and Resolution
From 1931 to December 1931, the Second Round Table Conference was conducted with Gandhi representing Congress. Various prominent leaders participated in the conference, including Sarojini Naidu, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Ghanashyam Das Birla, and Mohammed Iqbal.
Discussions and Decisions in Conference
Discussions in the Second Round Table Conference involved the representation of different groups and minorities, with Gandhi asserting Congress as India's sole political representative. Differences and decisions on separate electorates were also highlighted in the conference.
Changes and Impact of Decisions
After failed claims and rejections, changes were made in the Provincial Legislative Councils with increased reservations. The Indian National Congress and Gandhi boycotted actions taking place from September to December 1932, leading to further developments and impacts.
Recommendations Analyzed by Joint Selection Committee
The recommendations from the round table conference were analyzed by a joint selection committee comprising the Simon Commission report and the Government of India Act of 1935.
Creation of India Federation
The creation of the India Federation included giving powers to the federalists and provincial lists, while the concurrent list empowered both the center and provinces with the right to legislate. This autonomy increased the provinces' powers and established special powers in the fourth province.
Division of Resolved Subjects
The resolved subjects were divided into various categories including defense, external affairs, press, police, taxation, justice, power, resources, tribal affairs, and more. The Governors-General had control, and special powers were granted in specific areas.
Introduction of First Time Direct Elections
The Act introduced direct elections for the first time, including provisions for the Reserve Bank of India, provincial and joint public service commissions, and the national leaders were not against the Act as they wanted effective administration.
Contribution of Bhagat Singh in Indian Independence Struggle
Bhagat Singh's contribution to the Indian independence struggle was significant as he actively participated in revolutionary activities, including the Non-Cooperation Movement. The Hindustan Republican Association, later known as HSRA, played a key role in the revolutionary movements.
Establishment of Hindustan Socialist Republican Organization
The establishment of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Organization by revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Yogesh Chandra, and Sachin Sanyal aimed at opposing British rule and establishing the Federal Republic of the United States of India.
Role of Surya Sen in Freedom Movement
Surya Sen played a crucial role by organizing the Indian Republican Army within the Chittagong branch, leading to revolutionary activities and forming a potential revolutionary government. Women also significantly participated in these activities.
Congress Participation in Elections and Initiatives
The Congress participated in elections and decision-making in major provinces like Assam, Punjab, and NWFP. They obtained a majority and removed restrictions on political prisoners, released revolutionaries, and engaged in various revolutionary activities.
Indian Support in World War II
Congress was not in agreement with Indian support during World War II, resulting in the rejection of certain conditions. Subhash Chandra Bose launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with support from the Light Forces. Congress rejected demands for partition and emphasized individual truth under Gandhi's leadership.
March 1940 Events
In March 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution in the Lahore Session, while the British announced the August Offer, including Dominion status for India. Congress rejected the demands for partition and formed the Constituent Assembly under Gandhi's leadership.
Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement
Congress launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in support of independence and immediate response post the Cripps Mission in 1942. Both Congress and the Muslim League rejected the proposals, leading to arrests of top Congress leaders and illegal declaration of Congress organizations.
Gandhi's Fast and Protests
In response to Gandhi's fast, protests and demonstrations were organized, leading to resignations from the Executive Council members. The movement saw active participation by various groups such as students, workers, and socialists, boosting public support for the Quit India Movement.
Indian National Army and Independence Journey
The Indian National Army and Indian Independence journey to Singapore and beyond, facing challenges such as discrimination and epidemic outbreaks during World War II.
Political Activities and Provincial Government
Political activities, fasts, and government actions to address the constitutional crisis, including proposals for Pakistan and the involvement of leaders like Gandhiji and Veer Savarkar.
Final Days of Subhas Chandra Bose
The accidental death of Subhas Chandra Bose in Taiwan in August 1945, impacting India's political landscape and food supplies during a critical time.
Resolution for Reforms
A proposed formula for Pakistan and equal representation of Hindus and Muslims, supported by Gandhi, but rejected and countered by Veer Savarkar and others, leading to a series of events and settlements.
Royal Indian Navy Rebellion
The Royal Indian Navy rebellion of February 1986 where 1100 soldiers protested racial discrimination and initiated a strike, leading to significant events in Kolkata and Bengal.
Congress Support and Nehru's Defense Organizing
Following the rebellion, Congress extended support and Jawaharlal Nehru organized defense trials with the I.N.A. trials against the English in mind, marking a significant moment.
Political Events Leading to Partition
Events in March 1946, including the Pathik Lawrence Cabinet mission in Pakistan, Cricket matches, and the acceptance by Muslim League and Congress followed by direct action for Pakistan on August 16th.
Independence Acts and Formation of India and Pakistan
The passing of the Indian Independence Act on July 1947, leading to the formation of Dominion India and Pakistan. Pakistan on August 14th and India on August 15th, 1947, marking the end of a long struggle for freedom.
FAQ
Q: What were the five parts into which modern history was divided in the file?
A: The five parts into which modern history was divided are Advent of Europeans, Revolt of 1857, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Rise of Indian National Congress, and Partition.
Q: Who led the Portuguese exploration to India in 1498?
A: The Portuguese exploration to India in 1498 was led by Vasco da Gama.
Q: What were some of the key trading centers established by the Portuguese in India?
A: Some of the key trading centers established by the Portuguese in India were Goa and Cochin.
Q: Which colonial power granted exclusive trading rights to the East India Company in 1601?
A: Queen Elizabeth I granted exclusive trading rights to the East India Company in 1601.
Q: What were the main focuses of the Indian National Congress in its early years?
A: In its early years, the Indian National Congress focused on tax reforms and education.
Q: What movement gained momentum following the partition of Bengal?
A: The Swadeshi movement gained momentum following the partition of Bengal.
Q: Who initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement in India in 1920?
A: Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement in India in 1920.
Q: What significant event occurred in 1919 that had a profound impact on India's freedom struggle?
A: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 had a significant impact on India's freedom struggle.
Q: What was one of the main aims of the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhiji?
A: One of the main aims of the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhiji was to encourage Indians to boycott government institutions and services.
Q: What historic event marked the end of the long struggle for freedom in India?
A: The passing of the Indian Independence Act in July 1947 marked the end of the long struggle for freedom in India, leading to the formation of Dominion India and Pakistan.
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